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3.3–3.4 Quiz

3.3–3.4 Quiz
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  • 1. Boiling Point of Water

    Suppose you live near sea level (0 meters) and heat a pan of water until it boils.

    1. At what temperature will you observe the water boiling?
    2. What might you infer about the boiling point of all water?
    3. Draw a set diagram that represents the inference from part (b).
    • Worked-Out Solution
      1. If you live near sea level, you should observe the boiling point of water to be about 100° Celsius.
      2. By repeatedly observing the boiling point of water to be 100° Celsius (at sea level), you might conclude that the boiling point of all water is 100° Celsius.
      3. One possible set diagram of this inductive reasoning is as follows.

        Conclusion Based on Pattern

        • All of the water I have observed at sea level boils at 100° Celsius.
        • Therefore, all water at sea level boils at 100° Celsius.

          This is an example in which you can reach a false conclusion using inductive reasoning, because the reasoning was not based on a large enough or diverse enough sample.

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     _____      _____     _____     _____    _    _   
    |  __ \\   |  ___||  |__  //   |  ___|| | \  / || 
    | |  \ ||  | ||__      / //    | ||__   |  \/  || 
    | |__/ ||  | ||__     / //__   | ||__   | .  . || 
    |_____//   |_____||  /_____||  |_____|| |_|\/|_|| 
     -----`    `-----`   `-----`   `-----`  `-`  `-`  
                                                      
    
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  • 2. Boiling Point of Water

    The elevation of La Paz, Bolivia is about 3600 meters above sea level.

    1. At what temperature will a resident of La Paz observe water boiling?
    2. What might the resident infer about the boiling point of all water?
    3. Draw a set diagram that represents the inference from part (b).
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      ______   _    _   __    __     ___     ______   
     /_____// | || | || \ \\ / //   / _ \\  |      \\ 
     `____ `  | || | ||  \ \/ //   | / \ || |  --  // 
     /___//   | \\_/ ||   \  //    | \_/ || |  --  \\ 
     `__ `     \____//     \//      \___//  |______// 
     /_//       `---`       `       `---`   `------`  
     `-`                                              
    
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  • 3. Boiling Point of Water

    Write a syllogism that involves the boiling point of water at sea level (0 meters).

    • Worked-Out Solution

      Here is one possible syllogism.

      Premise: If water at sea level is heated to a temperature of 100° Celsius, then it will boil.
      Premise: Water at sea level is heated to a temperature of 100° Celsius.
      Conclusion: The water boils.

      "From 1744 until 1954, 0°C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100°C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere with mercury being the working material[citation needed] Although these defining correlations are commonly taught in schools today, by international agreement the unit "degree Celsius" and the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different points: absolute zero, and the triple point of VSMOW (specially prepared water). This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature (symbol: K)." (source: Wikipedia)

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     __   _     ______    _____     ______    ____    
    | || | ||  /_   _//  /  ___||  /_   _//  |  _ \\  
    | '--' ||   -| ||-  | // __     -| ||-   | |_| || 
    | .--. ||   _| ||_  | \\_\ ||   _| ||_   | .  //  
    |_|| |_||  /_____//  \____//   /_____//  |_|\_\\  
    `-`  `-`   `-----`    `---`    `-----`   `-` --`  
                                                      
    
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  • 4. Boiling Point of Water

    Write a syllogism that involves the boiling point of water in La Paz (about 3600 meters above sea level).

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      ______   __   __             __   __     _____  
     /_____//  \ \\/ //     ___    \ \\/ //   / ___// 
     `____ `    \ ` //     /   ||   \ ` //    \___ \\ 
     /___//      | ||     | [] ||    | ||     /    // 
     `__ `       |_||      \__ ||    |_||    /____//  
     /_//        `-`'       -|_||    `-`'   `-----`   
     `-`                     `-`                      
    
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  • 5. Boiling Point of Water

    Write a syllogism that involves the relationship between elevation and boiling point.

    • Worked-Out Solution

      Here is one possible syllogism.

      Premise: If you move from sea level to a higher elevation, then the boiling point of water will be less than 100° Celsius.
      Premise: You move from sea level to a higher elevation.
      Conclusion: The boiling point of water is less than 100° Celsius.
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     _____       ___      _____    _    _   __    __  
    |  __ \\    / _ \\   / ____|| | || | || \ \\ / // 
    | |  \ ||  / //\ \\ / //---`' | || | ||  \ \/ //  
    | |__/ || |  ___  ||\ \\___   | \\_/ ||   \  //   
    |_____//  |_||  |_|| \_____||  \____//     \//    
     -----`   `-`   `-`   `----`    `---`       `     
                                                      
    
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  • 6. Boiling Point of Water

    Is the logic in the statement valid? Draw a set diagram to analyze the argument.

    If the elevation decreases, the boiling point increases. The boiling point increased, so the elevation must have decreased.

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      ____       ___     _    _      ___              
     |  _ \\    / _ \\  | || | ||   / _ \\    ____    
     | |_| ||  / //\ \\ | || | ||  / //\ \\  |    \\  
     | .  //  |  ___  ||| \\_/ || |  ___  || | [] ||  
     |_|\_\\  |_||  |_|| \____//  |_||  |_|| |  __//  
     `-` --`  `-`   `-`   `---`   `-`   `-`  |_|`-`   
                                             `-`      
    
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  • 7. Atmospheric Pressure

    As elevation increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. Write a syllogism that involves the relationship between atmospheric pressure and elevation.

    • Worked-Out Solution

      Here is one possible syllogism.

      Premise: If you move from sea level to a higher elevation, then the atmospheric pressure decreases.
      Premise: You move from sea level to a higher elevation.
      Conclusion: The atmospheric pressure decreases.
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     _____     _    _     ____      ______    _  _   
    |  __ \\  | || | ||  |  _ \\   /_   _//  | \| || 
    | |  \ || | || | ||  | |_| ||   -| ||-   |  ' || 
    | |__/ || | \\_/ ||  | .  //    _| ||_   | .  || 
    |_____//   \____//   |_|\_\\   /_____//  |_|\_|| 
     -----`     `---`    `-` --`   `-----`   `-` -`  
                                                     
    
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  • 8. Atmospheric Pressure

    Suppose you perform the following experiment. You place water in a pressure cooker at an elevation of 5000 meters above sea level and adjust the pressure in the cooker to 1 atmosphere, which is the pressure at sea level (0 meters). When you heat the water, it boils at 100ºC. What can you conclude?

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      ______     ___     __   _    __   __     _____  
     /_____//   / _ \\  | || | ||  \ \\/ //   / ___// 
     `____ `   | / \ || | '--' ||   \ ` //    \___ \\ 
     /___//    | \_/ || | .--. ||    | ||     /    // 
     `__ `      \___//  |_|| |_||    |_||    /____//  
     /_//       `---`   `-`  `-`     `-`'   `-----`   
     `-`                                              
    
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